University of Notre Dame Du Lac

THE SCRIPPS ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY (SIGL) AT SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO WILL CARRY OUT THE FOLLOWING WORK FOR THE ABOVE-REFERENCED PROJECT: 1) THE CO-I (JAMES DAY) AND GSR WILL ATTEND GROUP MEETINGS, NORMALLY TO BE HELD PRIOR TO OR AFTER LPSC IN HOUSTON IN EVERY YEAR. 2) THE CO-I WILL ASSIST THE PI (CLIVE NEAL, NOTRE DAME) WITH PREPARATION OF SAMPLE REQUESTS FOR FURTHER APOLLO MISSION SAMPLES, WHERE NEEDED. THE CO-I WILL ALSO HELP WITH ANY OTHER ADDITIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE WORK FOR THE PROPOSAL, AS DIRECTED BY THE PI. 3) ON RECEIVING SAMPLES, EITHER AS POWDERS (FROM PI), ROCKLETS, OR CHIPS, SAMPLES WILL BE STORED PRIOR TO ANALYSIS BY THE CO-I IN A SECURE STORAGE (THE CO-I IS A LUNAR SAMPLE INVESTIGATOR). A TOTAL OF 80 INDIVIDUAL ANALYSES (INCLUDING REPLICATES OF SAMPLES, BLANKS AND STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS) WILL BE MEASURED DURING THE COURSE OF THE WORK, FOR SIDEROPHILE ELEMENTS (BY ICP-MS), RB-SR ISOTOPES (BY POSITIVE ION TIMS) AND FOR OS ISOTOPES (BY NEGATIVE ION TIMS) AND THE HSE (BY ICP-MS). ALL TRAINING TO PERSONNEL WILL BE PROVIDED BY THE CO-I. A. SAMPLES WILL BE PREPARED FOR ANALYSIS BY THE CO-I OR GSR FOR ANALYSIS. THIS WILL INCLUDE DOCUMENTATION OF SAMPLE MASS, IMAGING OF SAMPLES AND PREPARATION TO FINER POWDERS IN CERAMIC MORTARS AND PESTLES DEDICATED TO LUNAR SAMPLES. B. A SMALL SUB-FRACTION OF THE POWDER (20-50 MG) WILL BE PREPARED FOR SIDEROPHILE ELEMENT ABUNDANCE ANALYSIS (NI, CO, W), AS WELL AS FOR RB-SR ISOTOPE SYSTEMATICS BY THE GSR. THIS TASK IS IMPORTANT NOT SIMPLY FOR THE WHOLE ROCK RB-SR ISOTOPE DATA BUT FOR PROPERLY SPIKING FOR HSE ABUNDANCES. THIS WORK WILL ALSO FORM THE MAIN STAY OF ANY PARTICIPATING UNDERGRADUATE SENIOR THESES (SIO COURSE NUMBER 199). C. REMAINING POWDERS WILL BE USED FOR RE-OS ISOTOPE AND HSE ABUNDANCE ANALYSIS BY ISOTOPE DILUTION. THIS WILL INCLUDE REPLICATE ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES, WHERE POSSIBLE, GIVEN THE IMPORTANCE OF EXAMINING HSE HETEROGENEITY IN LUNAR ROCKS. WORK WILL BE DONE BOTH WITH CARIUS TUBES AND HIGH PRESSURE ASHER. THIS WORK WILL BE DONE BY THE CO-I AND GSR. 4) THE GSR AND CO-I WILL PRESENT THE WORK DONE ON THE PROJECT IN YEARS 1 THROUGH 4 AT LPSC AND IN GROUP MEETINGS. 5) THE GSR AND CO-I WILL WRITE-UP AND ASSIST IN THE WRITE-UP, OR YEARLY REPORTS FOR THE PROJECT, AS WELL AS ABSTRACTS AND MANUSCRIPTS INTENDED FOR SUBMISSION TO INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS (E.G., GCA, EPSL, MAPS, JGR, ETC.). 6) DATA GENERATED DURING THE PROJECT WILL BE MADE EASILY ACCESSIBLE THROUGH PUBLICLY AVAILABLE DATABASES, AND ALL DATA WILL ALSO BE PROVIDED TO THE PI FOR RECORD KEEPING.

TO UNDERSTAND THE OXIDATION STATE OF TRANSITION METALS IN VARIOUS APOLLO KREEP BASALTS, KREEP BRECCIAS, AND PLUTONIC SUITE ROCKS, CO-I THOMPSON AND THE PHD STUDENT WILL PREPARE SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS USING THE FOCUSED ION BEAM SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (FIB-SEM) AT PURDUE UNIVERSITY. THE PURDUE TEAM WILL PERFORM TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM) TO IDENTIFY INVESTIGATE MICROSTRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLES AND WILL USE ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS SPECTROSCOPY (EELS) TO PERFORM SPECTRUM IMAGING FOR THE OXIDATION STATE OF FE AND TI. CONTRIBUTION FROM DR. THOMPSON, PURDUE: CO-I THOMPSON AND THE GRADUATE STUDENT WILL COMPLETE THE FIB-SEM SAMPLE PREPARATION AND TEM ANALYSES USING INSTRUMENTATION IN THE BIRCK NANOTECHNOLOGY CENTER AT PURDUE UNIVERSITY. THOMPSON WILL THE LPSC MEETING IN Y2, Y3, AND Y4. FINALLY, CO-I THOMPSON AND THE STUDENT WILL ASSIST IN DATA ANALYSIS AND MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION.

THE CO-I KUN WANG’S TEAM AT WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS WILL CONDUCT K, FE, CU, ZN, AND RB ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF LUNAR APOLLO SAMPLES USING A MC-ICP-MS (THERMO FISHER SCIENTIFIC NEPTUNE PLUS) HOUSED AT THE DEPARTMENT OF EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES, WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS. WE WILL ALSO CONDUCT DATA ANALYSIS AND MANUSCRIPT WRITING AS WELL AS PRESENTATIONS AT CONFERENCES EVERY YEAR. THE CHIP SAMPLES WILL BE FIRST POWDERED AND HOMOGENIZED AT THE PI NEAL’S LABORATORY. ALIQUOTS OF THE POWDERED SAMPLES WILL BE ALLOCATED TO CO-I WANG’S LABORATORY FOR MC-ICP-MS ANALYSIS. ALL THE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES HAVE ALREADY BEEN DEVELOPED AND EMPLOYED DURING OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES DEMONSTRATING THE FEASIBILITY OF THIS PROPOSED RESEARCH. THE QUALITY OF ANALYSIS WILL BE MONITORED BY PROCESSING AND MEASURING GEOSTANDARDS IN THE SAME SESSIONS ALONG WITH UNKNOWN SAMPLES. ALL POWDERED SAMPLES WILL BE DISSOLVED IN A MIXTURE OF ACIDS. BASED ON THE CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED BY THE PI’S LAB ON THE DIFFERENT ALIQUOTS OF SAME SAMPLES, WE WILL DIVIDE THE DISSOLVED SOLUTIONS INTO SEVERAL ALIQUOTS FOR K, FE, CU, ZN, AND RB COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY AND SUBSEQUENT MC-ICP-MS ANALYSIS. WE WILL FOLLOW OUR PUBLISHED METHODS ON K ISOTOPES (WANG AND JACOBSEN, 2016; CHEN ET AL., 2019; TIAN ET AL., 2019, 2020; BLOOM ET AL., 2020; ZHAO ET AL., 2020), FE ISOTOPES (WANG ET AL., 2012A, 2012B, 2014, 2015), CU AND ZN ISOTOPES (CHEN ET AL., 2013; SAVAGE ET AL., 2015; JIANG ET AL., 2019; NEUMAN ET AL., 2022), AND RB ISOTOPES (ZHANG ET AL., 2022). WE NOTE THAT WE WILL ONLY MEASURE TRACE-ELEMENT CU, ZN, AND RB ISOTOPES FOR SELECTED SAMPLES DUE TO THEIR EXPECTED LOW-CONCENTRATIONS AS WELL AS EXISTING LITERATURE DATA.

THE SCOPE OF THIS WORK INCLUDES CONDUCTING U-PB AND PB-PB ISOTOPIC ANALYSES AND THE SUITE OF LUNAR SAMPLES IDENTIFIED IN THE MAIN PROPOSAL. ADDITIONAL ELECTRON BEAM ANALYSES TO ASSESS THE SHOCKED STATE OF MINERALS, SAMPLE PETROLOGY, OR ANALYSIS LOCATION MAY ALSO BE DONE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO BOULDER. DATA REDUCTION AND INTERPRETATION ARE INCLUDED IN THE SCOPE OF WORK, AS WELL AS OTHER ACTIVITIES REQUIRED FOR LINKING THE CHRONOLOGY TO GEOCHEMICAL OR OTHER CONSORTIUM DATASETS.

LUNAR STIMULANT EXPERIMENTS WILL BE CONDUCTED IN A 4X4 FEET PLEXIGLASS CONTAINER FILLED WITH ~10 INCHES OF STIMULANT THAT WILL BE COMPACTED AND A DUSTING STIMULANT SPREAD OVER THE COMPACTED MATERIAL

THE WORK BEING CONDUCTED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME BY INSTITUTIONAL PI NEAL AND HIS TEAM IS AS FOLLOWS: TASK 1. VOLATILE RESERVES. SUB-TASK BULK REGOLITH VOLATILES. USING THE METHOD (BURNEY ET AL., 2017; BURNEY AND NEAL, 2018) DEVELOPED IN THE NOTRE DAME MIDWEST ISOTOPE AND TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH ANALYTICAL CENTER (MITERAC), WE WILL UNDERTAKE SOLUTION MODE ICP-MS ANALYSES OF BULK SAMPLES TO QUANTIFY A RANGE OF MODERATELY VOLATILE ELEMENTS FROM 73001 AND 73002 SAMPLES, AS WELL AS SELECT ANALYSES OF SAMPLES FROM OTHER APOLLO 17 REGOLITH SAMPLES (FOR COMPARATIVE PURPOSES). THESE OTHER SAMPLES WILL BE SELECTED DURING DISCUSSIONS WITH THE TEAM ONCE THE PROPOSAL HAS BEEN FUNDED. TASK 2. NEW SAMPLES TO RECONSTRUCT MAGMATIC, VOLATILE-THERMAL-IMPACT HISTORY OF THE MOON. SUB-TASK IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF MAGMATIC AND IMPACT LITHOLOGIES. THIS WILL INVOLVED OPTICAL MINERALOGY AND ELEMENTAL MAPS TO PRODUCE PHOTO-MOSAICS OF EACH SAMPLE. EACH SAMPLE WILL HAVE CRYSTAL SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS CONSTRUCTED FOR ALL PHASES, AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS (VIA ELECTRON MICROPROBE AND LA-ICP-MS, RESPECTIVELY) TO UNDERSTAND ORIGIN (CF NEAL ET AL., 2015) AND EVOLUTION (CF DONOHUE AND NEAL, 2015, 2018) OF THESE SAMPLES. WE WILL ALSO DETERMINE UNCONVENTIONAL ISOTOPES (I.E., CA, FE) AS THERE IS DOCUMENTED HETEROGENEITY IN THESE ISOTOPES BETWEEN CRUST AND MANTLE (CA AND FE ISOTOPES) AND BETWEEN VARIOUS MANTLE RESERVOIRS (IN FE ISOTOPES, BUT NOT CA) (E.G., WEYER ET AL., 2007; SIMON AND DEPAOLO, 2010; BERMINGHAM ET AL., 2011; VALDES ET AL., 2014). TASK 2. NEW SAMPLES TO RECONSTRUCT MAGMATIC, VOLATILE-THERMAL-IMPACT HISTORY OF THE MOON. SUB-TASK ICP-OES AND ICP-MS BULK MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSES OF IMPACT AND MAGMATIC LITHOLOGIES. USING THE NOTRE DAME FACILITIES WE WILL UNDERTAKE BULK ROCK ANALYSES OF THE MAGMATIC AND IMPACT LITHOLOGIES USING THE COMBINED ICP-OES AND ICP-MS METHOD DESCRIBED IN FAGAN AND NEAL (2016), WHERE MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENT DATA WERE PRODUCED FROM ONLY A FEW MILLIGRAMS OF FINE-GRAINED BASALTIC MATERIAL. TASK 3. STRATIGRAPHY AND CHRONOLOGY OF A LUNAR AVALANCHE DEPOSIT. SUB-TASK ESTABLISH THE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE AVALANCHE DEPOSIT. THE DATA FROM THE ANALYSES CONDUCTED IN TASKS 1 AND 2 WILL BE INTEGRATED WITH OTHER DATA AS THE SAMPLES TAKEN FOR ANALYSIS WILL HAVE THEIR LOCATION WITHIN THE CORE RECORDED. BECAUSE OF THE DATA THE NOTRE DAME GROUP WILL PRODUCE, WE WILL BE HEAVILY INVOLVED. TASK 5. PROVIDE AN EVALUATION OF SAMPLE COLLECTION, PRESERVATION, AND CURATION OF VOLATILE-BEARING SAMPLES. BASED UPON THE RESULTS OF OUR MODERATELY VOLATILE ELEMENT ANALYSES, THE NOTRE DAME GROUP WILL BE INVOLVED IN THIS EVALUATION. TASK 6. PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION. PI NEAL AND THE GRADUATE STUDENT WILL TRAVEL TO JSC TO BE PART OF THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION TEAM. TASK 7. PLACE THE DOUBLE DRILL CORE AND DATA WITHIN THE GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT. SUB-TASK EXAMINE SURFACE SAMPLES ASSOCIATED WITH THE AVALANCHE DEPOSIT. WE WILL APPLY THE QUANTITATIVE PETROGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES, AS WELL AS ELECTRON MICROPROBE AND ICP-MS ANALYTICAL CAPABILITIES DESCRIBED ABOVE TO THIS ASPECT OF THE PROPOSAL. THIS WORK WILL BEGIN IN YEAR 1.

MOD: 105,999.00 10/29/2019 MOD: 142,906.00 10/25/2017 SUB: 59,399.00 01/13/2017 (77911696) THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME WILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR COMPLETE PETROGRAPHIC AND MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF EACH SAMPLE ANALYZED AS PART OF THIS PROJECT. THE SCOPE OF WORK WILL INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING. PETROGRAPHIC STUDY AND DESCRIPTION OF AT LEAST ONE THIN SECTION FROM EACH SAMPLE. THIS WILL INCLUDE PHOTOGRAPHING EACH SAMPLE IF PLANE POLARIZED, CROSS-POLARIZED AND REFLECTED LIGHT. PRODUCTION OF MINERAL CRYSTAL SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR EACH THIN SECTION PRODUCING ELEMENT MAPS FOR EACH THIN SECTION; MAJOR/MINOR ELEMENT MINERAL ANALYSES OF THE DIFFERENT MINERAL PHASES USING ELECTRON MICROPROBE; DETERMINATION OF MINERAL TRACE ELEMENT CONTENTS VIA LASER ABLATION ICP-MS TO DEFINE MAGMATIC EVOLUTION. THIS WORK WILL FORM THE PHD FOR ONE GRADUATE STUDENT, AND TWO UNDERGRADUATE SUMMER INTERNSHIPS ALL UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF CO-I NEAL. NEAL WILL COORDINATE WITH PI DAY REGARDING INTEGRATING THE ANALYTICAL ACTIVITIES TO BE CONDUCTED AT UCSD AND NOTRE DAME. THIS WILL BE ACCOMPLISHED BY ANNUAL VISITS OF PI DAY TO NOTRE DAME AND VIA ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION.

PROVIDE PETROLOGIC AND GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSES OF APOLLO AND LUNAR-RELATED MATERIALS TO DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF VOLATILE ELEMENTS IN THEM AND THEIR SOURCE REGIONS, IN AN EFFORT TO CHARACTERIZE THE VOLATILE-CYCLE OF THE MOON.

THE FUNDED RESEARCH PROJECTS OF REVEALS REQUIRE THE PARTICIPATION OF A RESEARCH AND HIS/HER LABORATORY THAT HAS EXPERIENCE IN THE AREAS OF EVA OPERATIONS, EVA OPERATIONS INTEGRATION, AND TESTING MECHANICAL, THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS. DR. LAVERNE AND NOTRE DAME COLLABORATORS HAVE EXPERIENCE NECESSARY IN THESE AREAS AND WILL BE ABLE TO CARRY OUT RESEARCH THAT IS CRITICAL TO THE SUCCESS OF REVEALS. DR. LAVERNE’S KNOWLEDGE AND LABORATORY CAPABILITIES ARE AN ASSET TO OUR CENTER.

CO-I WILL ELUCIDATE THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVED TEMPERATURE AND COMPOSITION FOR LUNAR MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, AND WILL PARTICIPATE IN LMS TEAM TELECONFERENCES, TEAM SCIENCE MEETINGS, AND PRODUCTION OF SCIENTIFIC TALKS, POSTERS, OR PAPERS AS REQUESTED BY THE PI, DPI, OR THEIR DESIGNEE.