Washington University

BRIEF STATEMENT OF WORK FOR SUBCONTRACT TO UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA FROM WUSTL TITLE: INTERDISCIPLINARY CONSORTIUM FOR EVALUATING VOLATILE ORIGINS (ICE FIVE-O) UH INSTITUTIONAL PI: HOPE ISHII WUSTL PI: JEFFREY GILLIS-DAVIS THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AS PART OF THE INTERDISCIPLINARY CONSORTIUM FOR EVALUATING VOLATILE ORIGINS (ICE FIVE-O) TEAM AIMS TO RESOLVE QUESTIONS ABOUT THE ORIGINS AND INTERACTIONS OF LUNAR VOLATILE DEPOSITS BY CONDUCTING PERFORMING STATE-OF-THE-ART SAMPLE ANALYSES AND REMOTE SENSING CHARACTERIZATION OF VOLATILE BEARING SAMPLES. THE NAMED UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII FACULTY WILL CONDUCT THE FOLLOWING TASKS IN SUPPORT OF THE ICE FIVE-O EFFORT. TASK 1: ANALYTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF VOLATILE EXPOSED MATERIALS. ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS CAPABLE OF NM-SCALE SPATIAL RESOLUTION AND WITH HIGH SPECTROSCOPIC SENSITIVITY ARE NEEDED TO STUDY SPACE WEATHERING OWING TO THE NM-SCALE DIMENSIONS OVER WHICH IT TAKES PLACE. WE WILL SEEK EVIDENCE OF ALTERATION IN EXPERIMENTALLY PROCESSED MATERIALS AND EXISTING APOLLO AND LUNAR METEORITE SAMPLES. WE WILL SEARCH FOR EVIDENCE OF CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL ALTERATION IN REGOLITH SAMPLES AND ANALOGS THAT RESULT FROM THE INTERACTION OF MINERALS AND GLASS GRAINS WITH ICES AS THEY UNDERGO THERMAL PERTURBATIONS. THE EFFORT OF TASK 1 WILL CHARACTERIZE PRE- AND POST-IRRADIATED ANALOGUE MATERIALS AND APOLLO SAMPLES DELIVERED BY WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, AS WELL AS SOLAR WIND-IRRADIATED INTERPLANETARY DUST. FOLLOWING IN-SITU CHARACTERIZATIONS OF SAMPLES THAT HAVE UNDERGONE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESSING, SUB-SAMPLES WILL BE TRANSFERRED TO A FIB FOR THIN (TEM) SECTION PREPARATION. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, WITH SUB-NANOMETER IMAGING AND SPECTROSCOPIC RESOLUTION, WILL EXAMINE THIN (<100 NM) AMORPHOUS RIMS AND AGGLUTINATES FOR SIGNS OF MODIFICATION AND/OR SEQUESTRATION OF VOLATILES. OF PARTICULAR INTEREST, THE DISTRIBUTION OF METEORITIC ORGANIC MATTER WILL BE CHARACTERIZED WITH UNPRECEDENTED 1-3 NM SPATIAL RESOLUTION. THE STUDY OF ORGANICS WILL EXPLOIT THEIR CHEMISTRY (O/C, N/C, S/C) AND MOLECULAR FUNCTIONALITIES AS A PROXY FOR FORMER ICES AND TRACE THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH MINERAL PHASES. TASK 2: REMOTE SENSING. WE HAVE TWO FOCUS AREAS: DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF ORGANICS AND UNDERSTANDING THE INTERPLAY OF REFLECTANCE AND THERMAL EMISSION THAT CONFOUNDS ESTIMATES OF WATER ABUNDANCE ON THE LUNAR SURFACE. SEVERAL LINES OF EVIDENCE SUPPORT THE PRESENCE OF ORGANICS ON THE MOON AND MERCURY, BUT LIMITS TO DETECTION USING REMOTE METHODS ARE POORLY KNOWN. WE WILL ADDRESS THIS WITH A COMBINATION OF MEASUREMENT AND THEORY AND SEARCH FOR ORGANICS USING EXISTING TELESCOPIC DATA. THE PRESENCE OF SURFACE WATER OR HYDROXYL IS ESTABLISHED, BUT NAGGING CONTROVERSY CONFOUNDS THE CONCLUSIVE KNOWLEDGE OF UNCERTAINTIES. THROUGH EXPERIMENT AND MODELING WE WILL ADDRESS THESE ISSUES TO DEVELOP A BETTER UNDERSTANDING TO THE LIMITS OF REMOTE SENSING FOR WATER DETECTION AND MAPPING. TASK 3: SCIENCE ACTIVATION. WILL DEVELOP, FIELD-TEST AND DISSEMINATE PLACED-BASED, NASA-RELEVANT STEAM PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMMING FOR HALEAKALA AND HAWAII VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARKS IN HAWAII. KUPUNA WILL BE A KEY PART OF THE INSTRUCTIONAL TEAM; THIS IS A BEST PRACTICE FOR INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT.

CSUSM SUBAWARD STATEMENT OF WORK FOR WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF VOLATILE FORMATION AND TRANSPORT ON LUNAR SURFACE THE DISCOVERY THAT THE SURFACE OF EARTH"S MOON HAS SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF WATER RAISES FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS ABOUT ITS ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION WHOSE ANSWERS HAVE IMPORTANT RAMIFICATIONS FOR ITS SUSTAINABLE USE. AS PART OF A MULTI-INSTITUTION, MULTI-DISCIPLINARY EFFORT, THE DOMINGUEZ LAB @ CSUSM WILL BE PERFORMING A SET OF EXPERIMENTS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF LUNAR WATER AND CO2. THIS EFFORT WILL BE SPREAD OUT OVER 5 YEARS AND WILL MAKE USE OF THE EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE TO CARRY-OUT LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS TO CHARACTERIZE THE SHIFTS IN THE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF WATER AND CO2 WHEN THESE COMPOUNDS ARE SUBJECTED TO PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL CONDITIONS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE LUNAR SURFACE, INCLUDING LUNAR POLES WHERE LARGE DEPOSITS OF WATER ARE EXPECTED TO BE PRESENT. SOME SAMPLES THAT ARE GENERATED IN THESE EXPERIMENTS WILL BE SHIPPED TO COLLABORATOR INSTITUTIONS WHERE THEY WILL BE EXAMINED USING A SUITE OF ADVANCED ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLATILE ICES AND LUNAR GEOLOGY. FINALLY, MEASUREMENTS USING SIMS ANALYSIS AT UCLA WILL BE DONE TO QUANTIFY SHIFTS IN THE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF REGOLITH-ANALOG MATERIALS UNDER SOLAR WIND IRRADIATION IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER ICE. FUNDS ARE REQUESTED AS PART OF A SUB-AWARD FROM WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY TO (1) PURCHASE A HYDROGEN SOURCE WITH ENERGIES THAT ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE SOLAR WIND AND (2) HIRE A POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCHER (YEARS 1-5) TO HELP CARRY-OUT THE PROPOSED EXPERIMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION, AND WRITE UP OF PAPERS. COURSE RELEASE TIME FOR THE PI (1-2/YR) AND SUMMER RESEARCH FUNDING IS ALSO REQUESTED AS WELL AS FUNDING FOR DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL. WORK PLAN: IN FY1, CO-I DOMINGUEZ WILL RECRUIT AND TRAIN POSTDOC (TBN). CO-I DOMINGUEZ AND POSTDOCTORAL SCHOLAR WILL FINALIZE THE PROTOCOL FOR BULK ICE SUBLIMATION IN FY1. PARTICULAR ATTENTION WILL BE PAID TO DEPOSITION CONDITIONS TO FAVOR AMORPHOUS ICE PRODUCTION. DURING FY2-FY3, POSTDOC WILL SUBLIMATE 20 H2O-ICES AT A RANGE OF TEMPERATURES TO DETERMINE ISOTOPOMER LIFETIMES. DESIGN AND ASSEMBLY OF REGOLITH SAMPLE HOLDER AND TESTING WILL OCCUR IN FY2 AND EXPERIMENTATION IN FY2. POSTDOC AND CO-I DOMINGUEZ WILL ANALYZE AND WRITE UP DATA FOR PAPERS IN FY2-FY5. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES: DOMINGUEZ, AS TASK LEAD (FTE: FY1=0.178, FY2-4=0.083/Y, FY5=0.167) WILL OVERSEE OVERALL PROJECT AND WILL RECRUIT POSTDOC. ONCE TRAINED, POSTDOC (FTE: FY1=0.25, FY2-5=0.5/Y) WILL PLAN THE TIMING AND COMPLETION OF ALL SUBLIMATION EXPERIMENTS WITH ASSISTANCE FROM UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCHERS. CO-I DOMINGUEZ WILL ENSURE THAT TIMELY ORDERING, DELIVERY, AND INSTALLATION OF EQUIPMENT OCCURS. POSTDOC WILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR EXECUTION OF EXPERIMENTS, CRD CALIBRATION, AND DATA COLLECTION AND ARCHIVING OF IRRADIATED SUBSTRATES FOR SHARING WITH THEME 2 (TASK 2.1). MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION WILL BE LED BY POSTDOC AND CO-I DOMINGUEZ IN FY2, FY4 AND FY5.

FIXED FEE SUBAWARD SCOPE OF WORK 2LEAD (LUNAR-LIBS ELEMENTAL ANALYSES AND DETECTION) INSTRUMENT ELECTRONICS, MECHANISMS & MECHANICAL DESIGN AND ASSEMBLY SUBCONTRACT / PURCHASE ORDER PRIME RECIPIENT: WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS (WASHU) SUBCONTRACTOR: AVS US, INC. (AVS|US) PROGRAM: NASA DALI GRANT – [2LEAD] AVS|US SHALL PERFORM THE DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, MANUFACTURING, AND TESTING OF THE 2LEAD INSTRUMENT AVIONICS, THE SCAN AND FOCUSING MECHANISMS, ASSOCIATED DRIVER ELECTRONICS ASSEMBLIES AND INSTRUMENT MECHANICAL/THERMAL DESIGN, MANUFACTURING AND TESTING, UP TO DELIVERY OF AN ENGINEERING MODEL (EM) TO DEMONSTRATE TRL 6 AS PART OF THE NASA DALI GRANT AWARDED TO WASHU FOR 2LEAD. THE EM WILL BE SUITABLE FOR INTEGRATION AND TEST INTO WASHU’S END-TO-END INSTRUMENT TEST CAMPAIGN. TASKS AND DELIVERABLES: THE WORK SHALL BE EXECUTED IN CLOSE COLLABORATION BETWEEN WASHU AND AVS|US, WITH THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES: • PRELIMINARY ARCHITECTURE DEFINITION O WASHU DEFINES PRELIMINARY ARCHITECTURE (OPTICS, OPTICAL CONTROLLERS, ETC.) THROUGH A JOINT CO-ENGINEERING PHASE WITH AVS|US (WHERE RELEVANT FOR THE PACKAGES SELECTED) O WASHU DELIVERS THE CONCEPT DESIGN PACKAGE TO AVS|US (NO HARDWARE). (~2 MONTHS) • PROOF-OF-CONCEPT (POC) DEMONSTRATION O JOINT WASHU–AVS|US BUILD OF A POC TESTBED TO VALIDATE CONCEPTS AND INFORM EM DESIGN, WITH COMPONENTS PROVIDED / PURCHASED BY WASHU. (~1 MONTH) • FOCUS & SCAN MECHANISMS EM DESIGN O AVS|US PERFORMS DESIGN FOR THE SCAN AND FOCUS MECHANISM BASED ON POC RESULTS. (~4 MONTHS) • AVIONICS AND DRIVER ELECTRONICS & SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT EM DESIGN O AVS|US DESIGNS AND DEVELOPS THE INSTRUMENT AVIONICS, CUSTOM DRIVER ELECTRONICS ASSEMBLIES AND SOFTWARE REQUIRED FOR INSTRUMENT CONTROL. (~5-8 MONTHS) • INSTRUMENT MECHANICAL & THERMAL EM DESIGN O AVS|US DESIGNS AND DEVELOPS THE MECHANICAL AND THERMAL DESIGN FOR THE OVERALL INSTRUMENT, CONSIDERING THE PARTS DEVELOPED BY AVS|US AND THOSE SELECTED AND PROVIDED AS CUSTOMER FURNISHED ELEMENTS (CFE) BY WASHU (LASER, SPECTROMETER AND IMAGER ASSEMBLIES) (~6 MONTHS) • INSTRUMENT EM FABRICATION & INTEGRATION O AVS|US IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE AVIONICS, FOCUS AND SCAN MECHANISMS AND ASSOCIATED DRIVER ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENT STRUCTURE, HARNESSING AND THE ASSEMBLY OF THE FULL 2LEAD INSTRUMENT, RECEIVING THE FOLLOWING CFE FROM WASHU: LASER, SPECTROMETER AND IMAGER ASSEMBLIES. (~4-8 MONTHS) • INSTRUMENT EM ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING & VERIFICATION O AVS|US WILL PERFORM ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS TO THE INTEGRATED INSTRUMENT EM TO DEMONSTRATE TRL 6. ONLY VIBRATION AND THERMAL VACUUM CYCLING TESTS WILL BE PERFORMED; NO EMI/EMC TESTING, NO RADIATION ENVIRONMENT AND NO MECHANICAL SHOCK TEST ARE REQUIRED. (~1-3 MONTHS) O AVS|US WILL DELIVER THE TESTED EM TO WASHU FOR SUBSEQUENT INSTRUMENT-LEVEL PERFORMANCE TESTING UNDER THERMAL VACUUM ENVIRONMENT. • INSTRUMENT EM PERFORMANCE TESTING & VERIFICATION AT WASHU O AVS|US WILL SUPPORT WASHU IN A JOINT END-TO-END PERFORMANCE TESTING CAMPAIGN OF THE INSTRUMENT EM AT WASHU PREMISES. (~1-3 MONTHS REMOTE / 1-2 WEEKS ON-SITE) PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE: THE ANTICIPATED PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE IS [18 TO 22 MONTHS] FROM CONTRACT AWARD, WITH SPECIFIC TASK DURATIONS AS OUTLINED ABOVE BUT STILL DEPENDENT ON PROGRAM MILESTONES WITH END CUSTOMER (NASA). RESPONSIBILITIES: • WASHU (PRIME): OVERALL PROJECT MANAGEMENT, INSTRUMENT SYSTEM DESIGN AUTHORITY, INTEGRATION, PROVISION OF REQUIREMENTS, PARTICIPATION IN CO-ENGINEERING AND TEST ACTIVITIES AS DESIRED FOR AVIONICS AND MECHANISMS. • AVS|US (SUBCONTRACTOR): PARTICIPATION IN CO-ENGINEERING AND INSTRUMENT PROOF OF CONCEPT BUILD AND TEST PHASE (NO MATERIAL PURCHASES). DESIGN, MANUFACTURE, AND TEST OF THE AVIONICS, SCAN/FOCUS MECHANISM AND DRIVER ELECTRONICS, DOCUMENTATION OF DESIGN/TEST RESULTS, DELIVERY OF EM (INCLUDES REQUIRED COMPONENT / MATERIAL PURCHASES AND ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING). ASSUMPTIONS: • THE 2LEAD INSTRUMENT ARCHITECTURE IS DESCRIBED PRELIMINARY BY THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM: • THE FOLLOWING ACTIV

FERROMAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF THE DUAL LASER WEATHERED SAMPLES (TASK 2.3) SCOPE OF WORK THE PROPOSED RESEARCH IN THIS SCOPE OF WORK IS PART OF TASK 2.3, WHICH AIMS TO PROVIDE COORDINATED AND DETAILED CHEMICAL, PETROLOGICAL, SPECTRAL, AND MAGNETIC STUDIES OF THE DUAL LASER WEATHERED SAMPLES FROM TASK 1.1. THESE ANALYSES WILL SERVE AS A METRIC FOR SIMULANT-REGOLITH REPRODUCIBILITY AND AS A CONTROL FOR ASSESSING VARIABILITY OF THESE PROPERTIES IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES. THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE LUNAR SOILS ARE THE FOCUS OF CO-I ICHIMURA"S RESEARCH BECAUSE OF THE INTENSITY OF THE FERROMAGNETIC RESONANCE SIGNAL IS ONE OF THE KEY METRICS USED TO ASSESS THE MATURITY OF LUNAR SOILS AND SOIL SIMULANTS. OBJECTIVES/SIGNIFICANCE: FERROMAGNETIC RESONANCE (FMR) IS USED TO DETERMINE A MEASURE OF THE SPACE WEATHERING MATURITY OF A REGOLITH SAMPLE, IS/FEO, WHERE IS IS THE MASS-WEIGHTED FMR INTENSITY AND FEO IS THE WEIGHT PERCENTAGE OF IRON OXIDE IN THE REGOLITH.1 THE FMR OF LUNAR SOILS ORIGINATES FROM SINGLE DOMAIN NANOPHASE METALLIC IRON PARTICLES (NPFE0) THAT FORM DURING THE REDUCTION OF IRON OXIDES AS THE CUMULATIVE RESULT OF WEATHERING. THE NORMALIZATION OF IS TO THE WT% FEO IS REQUIRED SINCE THE AMOUNT OF METALLIC IRON IS RELATED TO BOTH THE DEGREE OF WEATHERING AND THE AMOUNT OF IRON OXIDE IN THE ORIGINAL, UN-WEATHERED, REGOLITH. THE IS/FEO MATURITY INDEX OF LUNAR SOILS INCREASES STEADILY WITH THE DURATION OF SURFACE EXPOSURE. IN THE CONTEXT OF LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS AIMED AT REPRODUCING THE EFFECTS OF SPACE WEATHERING, SUCH AS LASER IRRADIATION AND PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT OF LUNAR ANALOGS, AN IMPORTANT CRITERION IS WHETHER IS/FEO MATURITY INCREASES SYSTEMATICALLY WITH EXPOSURE. FMR WILL BE USED TO ADDRESS TWO MAIN SCIENCE OBJECTIVES: (1) TO PLACE THE LABORATORY WEATHERED HIGHLAND SOIL ANALOGS ON THE IS/FEO MATURITY INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF EXPOSURE METHOD. (2) TO COMPARE MAGNETIC ANISOTROPY PARAMETERS OF LABORATORY WEATHERED HIGHLAND SOIL ANALOGS TO THOSE FROM TWENTY-ONE HIGHLAND LUNAR SOILS RANGING FROM IMMATURE TO MATURE SPECIMENS WITH <5 WT% FEO. THE USE OF MAGNETIC, SPECTRAL, AND COMPOSITIONAL PARAMETERS TO ITERATE WITH TASK 1.1 WILL ENSURE THAT THE LUNAR HIGHLANDS SIMULANT APPROXIMATES THE MINERALOGY AND PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF LUNAR HIGHLAND SOILS.2"6 ONCE THE EXPERIMENTAL SIMULANTS AND LUNAR SAMPLES ARE SHOWN TO REPLICATE THE PROPERTIES EXHIBITED BY AN EQUATORIAL REGOLITH,2,7"9 THE SAME ANALYSES WILL BE USED TO CHARACTERIZE WHETHER THESE PROPERTIES ARE MODIFIED BY DUAL LASER WEATHERING AT POLAR TEMPERATURES AND WITH VOLATILES PRESENT. EXTENDING THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE: MULTIPLE STUDIES HAVE USED LASER IRRADIATION TO SIMULATE THE IMPACT-INDUCED COMPONENT OF SPACE WEATHERING.10"19 IRON NANOPARTICLES (I.E., NPFE0) PRODUCED BY LASER IRRADIATION ARE DETECTED BY TEM AND/OR FMR WITHIN THE UPPERMOST THIN AMORPHOUS LAYERS OF SOME TARGETS.13,14,20 AS AGGLUTINITIC GLASS AND NANOPHASE IRON METAL ARE THE PRIMARY CAUSES OF SPECTRAL ALTERATION OF THE VISIBLE AND NEAR INFRARED SPECTRUM,21"25 AND MAIN COMPONENT OF THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF LUNAR SOILS [16, 17, 19-21],23,24,26"28 THE INABILITY OF LASER WEATHERING EXPERIMENTS TO PRODUCE AGGLUTINATES IS MAJOR LIMITATION OF THE CURRENT METHOD. WITHOUT NPFE0 BEARING AGGLUTINATES, THESE SAMPLES DO NOT POSSESS THE PROPER FMR SIGNATURE. OUR PRELIMINARY FMR INTENSITY MEASUREMENTS OF HIGHLAND SOILS 61501, 64421, 67511, WITH CORRESPONDING IS/FEO VALUES OF 53, 83, AND 8.8, YIELD A CURVE FOR MATURITY TO WHICH A LASER IRRADIATED HIGHLANDS REGOLITH ANALOG WAS COMPARED. WITH INCREASING LASER IRRADIATION OF OUR HIGHLANDS REGOLITH ANALOG, THE SPECTRA INCREASINGLY REDDEN, DARKEN, AND LOSE SPECTRAL CONTRAST " UP TO A POINT. THE ESTIMATED IS/FEO VALUE FOR THIS LASER IRRADIATED HIGHLANDS SOIL ANALOG, FOR WHICH THE OPTICAL SPECTRUM NO LONGER CHANGES, IS 7! THIS IS/FEO VALUE IS LOWER THAN ANY OF THE ACTUAL LUNAR SOILS THAT WE HAVE ANALYZED, WHICH EMPHASIZES THE NEED FOR A SPACE WEATHERIN

SCOPE OF WORK " CO-I STOPAR THE PRIMARY PROPOSED TASK IS TO PERFORM MODELING OF WATER-REGOLITH REACTIONS. THE MODELING WILL SUPPORT AND COMPLEMENT OTHER PROPOSED TASKS INCLUDING ALTERATION EXPERIMENTS ON LUNAR REGOLITH SIMULANTS AND CURATION CONSIDERATIONS. TO CONSTRAIN HOW LONG IT TAKES FOR SPECIFIC MINERAL REACTIONS IN THE PRESENCE OF LIQUID WATER OR GAS, RATE EQUATIONS WILL BE USED TO DETERMINE THE VOLUME OF MATERIAL THAT WOULD BE ALTERED AT DIFFERENT TIME-STEPS FOLLOWING THE ONSET OF HEATING. THUS, FOR EXAMPLE, THE TIME IT WOULD BE EXPECTED TO TAKE FOR 10% OF THE ANORTHITE TO ALTER IN A SOIL WITH 1 MM GRAINS, 30% ANORTHITE, AND 5% H2O BY MASS AT A DEPTH OF 35 CM (OR CONFINING PRESSURE OF 6 MBARS) WILL BE CONSTRAINED BY THE MODELS. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED: PRESENCE OF LIQUID WATER AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES, PRESSURES, VARIOUS REGOLITH AND SIMULANT MINERAL COMPONENTS (PYROXENE, PLAGIOCLASE, GLASS, OLIVINE, FE-METAL, AGGLUTINATES), REGOLITH MINERAL COMPONENTS OF VARYING DIMENSIONS, AND CURATION SETTING OR GEOLOGIC SETTING. PUBLICATIONS(S) WILL SUMMARIZE RESULTS OF THE MODELS AND THEIR RELEVANCE FOR OTHER CONSORTIUM RESEARCH.

DALI SCOPE OF WORK AND WORK PLAN (IMPOSSIBLE SENSING) PROJECT: “MATURATION OF A COMPACT LIBS SPECTROMETER FOR LUNAR INVESTIGATIONS” NASA’S DEVELOPMENT AND ADVANCEMENT OF LUNAR INSTRUMENTATION (DALI) PROGRAM THE GOAL OF THIS PROJECT IS TO DEVELOP AND DEMONSTRATE A TEST READINESS LEVEL 6 FOR LUNAR LASER INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY EXPLORATION AND ANALYSIS DEVICE (2LEAD) ENGINEERING BRASSBOARD THAT WE CAN LEVERAGE TO BUILD FLIGHT HARDWARE FOR FLIGHT OPPORTUNITIES. IMPOSSIBLE SENSING WILL OVERSEE 2 LEAD TECHNOLOGY MATURATION. SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGY OBJECTIVES INCLUDE INSTRUMENT DESIGN, COMPONENT PROCUREMENT, FABRICATION AND BRASSBOARD ASSEMBLY, OPTICAL ALIGNMENT, AND VERIFICATION OF THE 2LEAD INSTRUMENT. DURING THIS THREE-YEAR PROJECT WE WILL EXECUTE ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT AND SCIENTIFIC VALIDATION EFFORTS TO ADVANCE THE INSTRUMENT TO TRL 6. SPECIFICALLY, WE WILL: 1) DESIGN, ASSEMBLE, AND FUNCTIONALLY TEST A TRL 6 INSTRUMENT ENGINEERING BRASS BOARD (EBB); 2) PERFORM ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING, INCLUDING THERMAL VACUUM TESTING UNDER SIMULATED LUNAR CONDITIONS, AND SHOCK/VIBRATION TESTING; AND 3) ANALYZE SAMPLES RELEVANT TO THE TARGET ENVIRONMENT. AMONG THE INSTRUMENT TASKS PROPOSED TO THIS DALI PROGRAM, WE WILL RUGGEDIZE THE OPTICAL AND OPTOMECHANICAL HOUSING OF THE INSTRUMENT TO BE SUITABLE FOR VACUUM AND LUNAR SURFACE CONDITIONS. WE WILL MATURE AND DEMONSTRATE THE OPERATIONS CONCEPT FOR RAPID MAPPING OF ROCKS AND REGOLITH AT HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTIONS. WE WILL MATURE THE COMMAND AND DATA HANDLING AND POWER DISTRIBUTION ELECTRONICS, INCLUDING SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR AUTONOMOUS ANALYSIS ALGORITHMS FOR ON-BOARD DATA PROCESSING. INITIALLY WE WILL REVIEW THE REQUIREMENTS AND CONSTRAINTS OF THE INSTRUMENT TO REFINE OUR DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE SYSTEM. SUBSEQUENTLY, WE WILL SUPPORT WUSTL IN FINALIZING ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING REQUIREMENTS AND ANY DESIGN INTERFACES (MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL, OPTICAL). IMS WILL CONDUCT REQUIRED DESIGN ANALYSES (E.G. THERMAL). SUBSEQUENTLY, IMS WILL SPECIFY AND PROCURE THE COMPONENTS OF THE EBB INSTRUMENT, AND WILL PERFORM COMPONENT LEVEL TESTING, ASSEMBLY AND ALIGNMENT, AND SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL TESTING. FOLLOWING THIS TESTING, IMS WILL PARTICIPATE IN PLANNING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALIFICATION, INCLUDING DESIGNING AND PURCHASING REQUIRED GSE TO INTERFACE WITH VIBRATION TABLES AND THERMAL VACUUM CHAMBERS. IMS WILL PROVIDE PERSONNEL TO SUPPORT QUALIFICATION TESTS AT WUSTL, AND SUPPORT SCIENCE TESTING WITH THE INSTRUMENT PROTOTYPE INSTRUMENT. IMS WILL SUPPORT SUBSEQUENT DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION, AND SUPPORT THE PI IN REGULAR REPORTING AND COMPILATION OF THE FINAL REPORT TO NASA. TABLE 1 REPRESENTS THE WORK PLAN AND HIGH-LEVEL MILESTONES OF THE THREE-YEAR PROJECT:

STATEMENT OF WORK NNH18ZDA018C: SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION RESEARCH VIRTUAL INSTITUTE COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT NOTICE (SSERVI CAN-3) INTERDISCIPLINARY CONSORTIUM FOR EVALUATING VOLATILE ORIGINS (ICE FIVE-O) THIS PROPOSAL IS FOR A COLLABORATIVE INVESTIGATION OF THE CHEMICAL, MINERALOGICAL AND ISOTOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS VOLATILE SPECIES THAT MAY BE SEQUESTERED AT THE POLES OF THE MOON, WITH A VIEW TO PAVING THE WAY FOR UNDERSTANDING THE ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF COLD-TRAPPED LUNAR VOLATILES AND MAXIMIZING THE SCIENTIFIC RETURN OF FUTURE LUNAR POLAR SAMPLE RETURN MISSIONS. CO-INVESTIGATOR PARVATHY PREM HAS EXPERIENCE AND EXPERTISE IN MODELING VOLATILE TRANSPORT IN THE LUNAR EXOSPHERE. HER PRIMARY ROLE IN THE ICE FIVE-O TEAM WILL BE TO MODEL THE EXOSPHERIC TRANSPORT OF DIFFERENT ISOTOPOLOGUES OF WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE ON THE MOON, IN ORDER TO DETERMINE HOW DIFFERENCES IN THE WAY THESE MOLECULES INTERACT WITH THE LUNAR SURFACE AFFECT THE COMPOSITION OF COLD-TRAPPED DEPOSITS. THIS MODELING WORK WILL BE DONE IN CLOSE COLLABORATION WITH OTHER ICE FIVE-O TEAM MEMBERS, WHO WILL BE CARRYING OUT EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE BEHAVIOR OF VOLATILES IN THE LUNAR ENVIRONMENT. THE PROPOSAL PLANS FOR TWO VISITS BY CO-I PREM TO CO-I DOMINGUEZ"S LAB AT CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY SAN MARCOS, IN ORDER TO FACILITATE THE INTEGRATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS WITH MODELING WORK. DR. PREM WILL ALSO PARTICIPATE IN TEAM MEETINGS, PRESENT MODELING RESULTS AT SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES, ASSIST IN THE PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPTS FOR PUBLICATION, AND PREPARE MODEL OUTPUT/NUMERICAL CODES FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH NASA PLANETARY SCIENCE DIVISION DATA MANAGEMENT PLAN GUIDELINES.

THIS STATEMENT OF WORK (SOW) IS PREPARED FOR SYSTEM ENGINEERING SUPPORT TO DEVELOP THE 2LEAD (LUNAR LIBS EXPLORATION AND ANALYSIS DEVICE) INSTRUMENT FROM TRL 4 TO TRL 6. DURING PY2, THE SUBRECIPIENT WILL PROVIDE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING SUPPORT TO THE PI WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF DELIVERING AN ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT UNIT (EDU) WITH ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING RESULTS DEMONSTRATING OPERATION IN A SIMULATED LUNAR SURFACE ENVIRONMENT. THE WORK BUILDS ON THE PROGRESS ACHIEVED DURING PY1, INCLUDING THE DESIGN AND TESTING OF A BREADBOARD FOCUS AND SCAN MECHANISM (FSM). SYSTEMS ENGINEERING WORK MAY INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING TASKS AND ADDITIONAL TASKS REQUESTED BY THE PI.  REVIEW EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS FOR SUITABILITY AND FEASIBILITY TO MEET THE PROJECT TECHNICAL OBJECTIVES  REVIEW 2LEAD INSTRUMENT DESIGNS, SCHEMATICS AND ANALYSIS FOR ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS  DESIGN CUSTOM OPTOMECHANICAL HARDWARE FOR THE 2LEAD INSTRUMENT  PERFORM ANALYSIS AS NEEDED TO SUPPORT THE BUILDING AND TESTING OF THE 2LEAD INSTRUMENT  PARTICIPATE IN BUILDING AND TESTING THE 2LEAD INSTRUMENT ON-SITE AT WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, AS DIRECTED BY THE PI  PARTICIPATE IN TECHNICAL REVIEWS FOR THE 2LEAD INSTRUMENT  PREPARE TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION THE PI HAS EXPRESSED A NEED FOR AVIONICS AND SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT. TECHNICAL OVERSIGHT OF EXTERNAL CONTRACTORS PERFORMING THE DETAILED DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT WORK IS INCLUDED IN THIS SOW. DURING THE PROJECT, SUBRECIPIENT’S CURRENT LABOR RATE WILL BE IN EFFECT. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY WILL BE INVOICED SEMI-MONTHLY (EVERY 2 WEEKS) FOR ACTUAL LABOR PERFORMED. MATERIALS AND TRAVEL (IF REQUIRED) ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THE LABOR RATE AND SHALL BE REIMBURSED SEPARATELY. ANY SOFTWARE LICENSES REQUIRED FOR THE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING ROLE (E.G., CAD SOFTWARE, OPTICAL ANALYSIS, ETC.) ARE ASSUMED TO BE PROVIDED BY THE PI’S INSTITUTION.

THE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSORTIUM INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING: (1) PARTICIPATION IN PLANNING FOR THE OPENING OF THE CSVC AND HANDLING AND TRANSFER OF SAMPLES SO AS TO NOT COMPROMISE THE SAMPLES FOR LOWLEVEL ORGANIC AND VOLATILE-ELEMENT ANALYSES (ESPECIALLY THE NOBLE GASES); (2) PARTICIPATION IN THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION (JOLLIFF, WANG, AND A GRADUATE STUDENT); (3) CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INITIAL RELEASE OF NOBLE GASES ON OPENING AND DISTURBING THE 73001 CORE FOR COMPARISON TO THE 73002 CORE, WHICH WAS SEALED IN THE STANDARD WAY; (4) ANALYSIS FOR TRACE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS TO DISCERN THE EFFECTS OF CONTAMINATION ON SAMPLES COLLECTED AND SEALED UNDER TYPICAL CONDITIONS VS. THE CSVC AND FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF POSSIBLE METEORITIC- SOURCED ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS; (5) PETROGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS SEPARATED FROM ALONG THE CSVC CORE TO IDENTIFY COMPONENTS THAT MAY BE UNIQUE TO THE SOUTH MASSIF AND ASSOCIATED WITH THE AVALANCHE DEPOSIT TO TEST HYPOTHESES FOR ITS ORIGIN (E.G., POSSIBLE IMPACT-MELT COMPONENTS FROM TYCHO CRATER SECONDARY EJECTA); (6) COORDINATED ANALYSES OF BULK MAJOR- AND TRACE-ELEMENT COMPOSITIONS ALONG CORE INTERVALS (SAME PURPOSE AS (5)); (7) COORDINATED EXPOSURE AGES FOR A SUBSET OF SAMPLES CHARACTERIZED IN (5) AND (6) TO TEST HYPOTHESES FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE AVALANCHE DEPOSIT; (8) MEASUREMENT OF SOLAR-WIND XE TO REFINE THE LUNAR RECORD OF THE SOLAR WIND COMPOSITION AND COMPARE IT TO THAT DETERMINED FROM GENESIS SAMPLES; (9) MEASUREMENT OF INDIGENOUS XE TO DETERMINE THE INDIGENOUS NOBLE GAS CONTENT OF THE MOON; AND (10) PLACE THE CORE SAMPLE DATA WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF APOLLO 17 GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND RECENT ORBITAL DATA. THE INSTITUTIONAL PI FOR WUSTL IS PROF. BRAD JOLLIFF, AND THE OTHER CO-INVESTIGATORS ARE PROFS. ALEX BRADLEY, KUN WANG, RITA PARAI, ALEX MESHIK, AND OLGA PRAVDIVTSEVA. THE GRADUATE STUDENT IS MR. MASON NEUMAN. AS THE INSTITUTIONAL SUBCONTRACT PI, JOLLIFF WILL COORDINATE WUSTL EFFORTS. HE WILL PERFORM ELECTRON AND X-RAY ANALYSES ON SAMPLES FROM THE CSVC CORE TUBE, 73001, AND THE ADJOINING CORE TUBE, 73002. DR. KUN WANG WILL CONDUCT BULK COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSES AND WILL COLLECT ISOTOPIC DATA FOR MODERATELY VOLATILE ELEMENTS AND THEIR ISOTOPES ON SELECTED SAMPLES. DRS. PARAI, MESHIK, AND PRAVDIVTSEVA WILL ANALYZE THE NOBLE GAS CONTENTS FROM THE CORES AND TEST THE NOBLE GAS COMPOSITION INDIGENOUS TO LUNAR SAMPLES AND OF THE SOLAR WIND USING SAMPLES FROM THE CSVC. JOLLIFF AND WANG WILL JOINTLY SUPERVISE A THE GRADUATE STUDENT WHO WILL INTEGRATE ANALYTICAL METHODS AND APPROACHES, AND INTERACT WITH OTHER MEMBERS OF THE TEAM. NOMINAL ANALYTICAL LABORATORY ALLOCATIONS (NUMBER OF SAMPLES, NUMBER OF ANALYSIS DAYS, ETC.) ARE LISTED IN THE BUDGET DETAILS. THESE ANALYTICAL ALLOCATIONS ARE ESTIMATES BASED ON OUR ANTICIPATION OF THE WORKLOAD ASSOCIATED WITH PROPOSED TASKS. THE SPECIFIC NUMBERS OF SAMPLES THAT WILL BE ANALYZED, HOWEVER, DEPENDS ON THE NATURE OF WHAT WE FIND AS SAMPLES ARE IDENTIFIED AND PRELIMINARILY EXAMINED IN ADVANCE OF DETAILED ANALYSIS.

ARVIDSON AND SCHOLES WOULD PARTICIPATE IN THE CONVERSION OF THE RELAB SPECTRAL DATA BASE TO BE PDS 4 COMPATIBLE. THIS WILL INCLUDE, IN COOPERATION WITH RELAB PERSONNEL,DESIGNING THE XML LABELS AND DATA PRODUCTS, DEVELOPING A LOCAL DATA DICTIONARY, AND CONSIDERATION OF HOW THE DATA PRODUCTS AND LABELS ARE TO BE AGGREGATED INTO ONE OR MORE COLLECTIONS. WE WOULD ALSO PARTICIPATE IN GENERATION OF THE PDS 4 ARCHIVES, INCLUDING VALIDATION,AND LEADING A PEER-REVIEW. IN ADDITION WE WOULD WORK WITH RELAB PERSONNEL TO HELP DESIGN,PROTOTYPE AND IMPLEMENT A SPECTRAL LIBRARY SEARCH FUNCTION AND INTERFACE THAT TAKES ADVANTAGE OF THE PDS 4 ARCHIVES AND LOCAL DICTIONARY. THE WORK WOULD BE SPREAD OVER THREE YEARS, WITH MOST DESIGN AND PROTOTYPING CONDUCTED DURING THE FIRST YEAR, GENERATION OF THE DATA BASE AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SEARCH FUNCTIONS AND INTERFACE BEING DONE DURING THE SECOND YEAR. THE THIRD YEAR WOULD FOCUS ON VALIDATION,PEER REVIEW, AND HELPING TO IMPLEMENT ANY CHANGES THAT ARE A CONSEQUENCE OF REVIEW COMMENTS.

THE CO-I KUN WANG’S TEAM AT WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS WILL CONDUCT K, FE, CU, ZN, AND RB ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF LUNAR APOLLO SAMPLES USING A MC-ICP-MS (THERMO FISHER SCIENTIFIC NEPTUNE PLUS) HOUSED AT THE DEPARTMENT OF EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES, WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS. WE WILL ALSO CONDUCT DATA ANALYSIS AND MANUSCRIPT WRITING AS WELL AS PRESENTATIONS AT CONFERENCES EVERY YEAR. THE CHIP SAMPLES WILL BE FIRST POWDERED AND HOMOGENIZED AT THE PI NEAL’S LABORATORY. ALIQUOTS OF THE POWDERED SAMPLES WILL BE ALLOCATED TO CO-I WANG’S LABORATORY FOR MC-ICP-MS ANALYSIS. ALL THE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES HAVE ALREADY BEEN DEVELOPED AND EMPLOYED DURING OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES DEMONSTRATING THE FEASIBILITY OF THIS PROPOSED RESEARCH. THE QUALITY OF ANALYSIS WILL BE MONITORED BY PROCESSING AND MEASURING GEOSTANDARDS IN THE SAME SESSIONS ALONG WITH UNKNOWN SAMPLES. ALL POWDERED SAMPLES WILL BE DISSOLVED IN A MIXTURE OF ACIDS. BASED ON THE CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED BY THE PI’S LAB ON THE DIFFERENT ALIQUOTS OF SAME SAMPLES, WE WILL DIVIDE THE DISSOLVED SOLUTIONS INTO SEVERAL ALIQUOTS FOR K, FE, CU, ZN, AND RB COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY AND SUBSEQUENT MC-ICP-MS ANALYSIS. WE WILL FOLLOW OUR PUBLISHED METHODS ON K ISOTOPES (WANG AND JACOBSEN, 2016; CHEN ET AL., 2019; TIAN ET AL., 2019, 2020; BLOOM ET AL., 2020; ZHAO ET AL., 2020), FE ISOTOPES (WANG ET AL., 2012A, 2012B, 2014, 2015), CU AND ZN ISOTOPES (CHEN ET AL., 2013; SAVAGE ET AL., 2015; JIANG ET AL., 2019; NEUMAN ET AL., 2022), AND RB ISOTOPES (ZHANG ET AL., 2022). WE NOTE THAT WE WILL ONLY MEASURE TRACE-ELEMENT CU, ZN, AND RB ISOTOPES FOR SELECTED SAMPLES DUE TO THEIR EXPECTED LOW-CONCENTRATIONS AS WELL AS EXISTING LITERATURE DATA.

CO-INVESTIGATOR BYRNE WILL CONTRIBUTE A TOTAL OF 0.51 FTE EFFORT TO THIS PROJECT, A LEVEL OF EFFORT COMMENSURATE WITH EXPERIENCE OF SIMILAR WORK IN THE PAST. CO-I BYRNE WILL ASSIST WITH INTERPRETATIONS OF LEMS-A3 SEISMIC DATA IN THE CONTEXT OF LUNAR TECTONICS, CRUSTAL STRUCTURE, LEVEL OF ACTIVITY, AND GEOLOGICAL HISTORY, AND WILL ADVISE ON OPTIMAL PLACING OF THE LEMS-A3 PACKAGE BY ARTEMIS III ASTRONAUTS ONCE THE A3 LANDING SITE IS SELECTED. HE WILL ASSIST WITH SP AND VBB DATA PROCESSING, AND WILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR PREPARING AND ARCHIVING ALL LEMS-A3 DATA WITH SAGE AND THE PDS. HE WILL ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO ALL MANUSCRIPTS RESULTING FROM THIS PROJECT.